9 Lidar apparatus; Lidar sensors; optical sensors; electronic sensors for sensing, detecting objects, and mapping three-dimensional space surrounding the sensor; laser object detectors for use on vehicles and trains, and for infrastructure, safety, industrial, and security applications; laser scanners for use on vehicles and trains, and for infrastructure, safety, industrial, and security applications; lasers for measuring purposes; proximity sensors; electronic proximity sensors and switches; measuring apparatus, namely, laser distance meters; downloadable and recorded computer software for connecting, operating, and managing networked electronic proximity sensors and switches, lidar apparatus, optical sensors, laser object detectors and scanners, sensors for measuring purposes, and sensors for sensing, detecting objects, and for capturing, analyzing, and mapping data of the three-dimensional space surrounding the sensor in the internet of things (IoT); Downloadable and recorded software for use in connection with intelligent infrastructure; Downloadable and recorded software for use in connection with lidar apparatus, optical sensors, laser object detectors and scanners, sensors for measuring purposes, and sensors for sensing and detecting objects and for mapping three-dimensional space surrounding the devices; Downloadable and recorded software for use in connection with operating, managing, and calibrating sensors, scanners, and lidar devices and for analyzing the data provided by the sensors, scanners, and lidar devices; Downloadable and recorded software for use in association with intelligent infrastructure systems for operating, managing, and calibrating sensors, scanners, and lidar devices, for object detection and classification, and for data analysis; Downloadable and recorded software for capturing, analyzing, and providing data in the field of 3D surveying and mapping and for object detection and classification; Downloadable and recorded software for analyzing and mapping data in the field of 3D surveying; Downloadable and recorded software for sensing and perceiving the surrounding environment and providing, managing, and analyzing data on the surrounding environment; chips; integrated circuits; integrated circuit cards