9 Test equipment hardware, namely, power meters, optical loss testers, optical light sources tunable or fixed, optical switches, visual fault locator for single mode and multimode fibers, live fiber detector, variable attenuators for creating a calibrated level of optical attenuation, back-reflection meters, optical time-domain reflectometers to fully characterize the optical link, optical spectrum analyzer, dispersion analyzers, modulation analyzers, resistive fault locator for copper links, copper and DSL time-domain reflectometers to fully characterize the copper link, power spectrum density analyzer, digital multimeter, voice frequency and wideband noise analyzer, voice frequency and wideband longitudinal balance analyzer, DSL and internet services analyzers, internet protocol testers for Ethernet, SONET/SDH, Fibre Channel, OTN and CPRI/OBSAI, and spectral analysis analyzers; computer hardware and software and mobile device software applications for communication network testing, troubleshooting, analyzing, monitoring, management, emulation, optimization, characterization, and analytics; computer hardware and software and mobile device software applications for traffic generation, automation and performance analysis, and management of data from testing devices in the field of communications networks; computer hardware and software and mobile device software applications for traffic generation, automation and performance analysis, and management of data from testing devices in the field of communications networks; computer hardware and software and mobile device software applications for passive and active quality-of-service and quality-of-experience measurement, correlation, monitoring and management, test orchestration and test function virtualization in the field of communication networks; computer hardware and software and mobile device software applications for network simulation and load testing, namely, protocol compliance, negative testing of network elements in live or in-development networks, simulation of mobile devices, and subscriber behavior in the field of communication networks