9 Apparatus for performing machine learning and deep learning algorithms and processes; apparatus for training data models using machine learning and deep learning processes; apparatus for inputting data and determining and predicting patterns in the data; data verification apparatus; apparatus for use in vision systems; apparatus for use in surface inspection; apparatus for use in nano-scale vision systems; apparatus for use in automated manufacturing, physical component defect analysis, detection of pathogens and toxins in a biological sample, medical diagnostics, bio-security, molecular medicine, energy, precision agriculture, defence, and automated trading systems; software for machine learning and deep learning algorithms and processes; software for training data models using machine learning and deep learning processes; software for determining and predicting patterns in data; data verification software; vision system software; surface inspection software; nano-scale vision system software; software for use in automated manufacturing, physical component defect analysis, detection of pathogens and toxins in a biological sample, medical diagnostics, bio-security, molecular medicine, energy, precision agriculture, defence, and automated trading systems