10 electrical and electronic apparatus and image presentation apparatus for medical purposes; neurosurgical instruments and apparatus; medical and surgical robots, and parts therefor, namely controllers for medical and surgical robots, control boxes, instrument adapters, tool holders, endoscope adapters, microscope adapters, connection cables, for medical, neurosurgical, orthopedic or surgical applications, and for ear, nose and throat surgery; radiotherapeutic and radiosurgical apparatus; systems and components for precisely positioning patients for radiotherapeutic or neurosurgical purposes, comprising collimators, infrared cameras, video cameras, patient markers, computers, monitors, isocenter phantoms, calibration phantoms, patient trays, head holders, vacuum pumps, vacuum pads, reference stars, x-ray registration kits, and ultrasonic phantoms and adapters; tomographs for medical use; x-ray apparatus for medical use; intra-operative, image-guided localization systems for medical (including surgical) purposes, comprising cameras, monitors, computers, image presentation apparatus, reference clamps, pointers, surgical instruments, markers, marker spheres, cannulae, docking stations, liners, headsets, head rings, remote controls, probes, sensors, instrument adaptors, virtual keyboards, dental referencing devices, and pointers; systems for software-controlled precision treatment in neurosurgery, orthopedics, radiotherapy and in ear, nose, and throat surgery, comprising localizers, stereotactic and neurosurgical arcs, biopsy kits, fixation adapters, instrument calibration matrixes, fixation rings, planning stations, computers, couch mounts, collimators, target positioners, film holders, masks, couch stabilizers, couch adaptors, radiation devices, linear accelerators, gantries, microscope adaptors, fixation pins and immobilization devices; instruments and apparatus tor three-dimensionally registering or referencing patient location data by producing light markings; light pointers for medical use; laser light pointers for medical use; infrared light pointers for medical use; and integrated operating room facilities