9 OPTICAL DEVICES, COMPONENTS, SUBSYSTEMS, AND MODULES, ALL FOR OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS, NAMELY, OPTICAL FIBER, OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS, OPTICAL MODULATORS, OPTICAL SWITCHES, ARRAYED OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES, OPTICAL GRATING FILTERS, OPTICAL CROSS-CONNECTS, OPTICAL MULTIPLEXERS AND DE-MULTIPLEXERS, OPTICAL SPLITTERS AND COMBINERS, AND LASERS