9 Telecommunication and signaling apparatus and instruments, namely apparatus used to transmit and receive on a fiber optic, copper wire, microwave or satellite network system; electronic apparatus and software for scrambling, descrambling, encoding and/or decoding of voice, data, image and video transmissions; electronic data input and output apparatus, namely terminals, receivers, transmitters, decoders, and transceivers for the transmission, reproduction or receiving of voice, image, video, or data; apparatus for recording, switching, transmission, or receiving of data, sound, images and/or video, namely, base stations, base station controllers, directional antennas, microwave transmission equipment, access nodes, switching apparatus for telecommunication purposes, servers, routers, data cards, and modems; media in the form of magnetic tapes, discs and diskettes, optical data carriers, CD-ROMs, ROM-chips or RAM-Chips adapted for the recordal, storage, manipulation, processing, retrieval and playback of sound data or images; pre-recorded software programs for controlling, operating, and linking the aforesaid goods and for encoding and decoding audio-signals, video-signals and data signals; computer software for use in electronic publishing, web page development and maintenance, electronic commerce, telecommunications including email and email management, and managing telecommunications networks