9 ENTERPRISE-WIDE COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND MIDDLEWARE THAT PROVIDE INTEROPERABILITY, NAMELY, FOR INTERFACING APPLICATIONS AND SECURITY MECHANISMS IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY AND AUTHORIZE USERS, SECURITY INTEGRATION AND AUTOMATION FUNCTIONS, NAMELY, FOR LOGGING ON USERS TO VARIOUS APPLICATIONS IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE TIME TO INITIATE PROGRAMS, FOR USE IN THE HEALTHCARE, PHARMACEUTICAL, FINANCIAL, INSURANCE, MANUFACTURING, RETAIL, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, GOVERNMENT, TRANSPORTATION, EDUCATION, ENTERTAINMENT, AND BUSINESS FIELDS