9 electronic and optical apparatus and instruments, namely, optical signal processors, light sources and detectors, optical cables, optical cameras, optical probes, and apparatus for calibrating optical systems; computer programs, namely, computer programs having deterministic algorithms for generating indications of cancers and precancers from optical measurements, computer programs having statistical algorithms and related data bases for generating indications of cancers and precancers from optical measurements, computer programs and related data bases for aiding the diagnosis of cancers and precancers from optical measurements, and computer programs for calibrating optical systems; disposable and consumable apparatus and materials, namely, optical calibration forms and targets, covers having optical windows, optical modules, lens assemblies, light guides, optical coupling materials, and optically interactive materials contained in the foregoing that are for use with optical cameras and probes; computer programs and manuals for instructing persons in the use and operation, maintenance, diagnosis, repair, or replacement of any of the foregoing; and systems that include one or more of the foregoing